Milia Margulis (Sonochemistry, Andreev Acoustics Institute)

Published in physic.philica.com

Abstract
Our analysis has shown that particles of ether (etherons) in many relations are analogous to electron neutrino. The hypothesis that the world ether is a condensed mass of neutrino is proposed. Accordingly to this hypothesis, ether is formed as a result of a number of nucleus reactions in Universe with formation of electron neutrinos and their following “interruption” and thermolysis.

Article body

After estimations in [1] of base parameters of ether a natural question arises about its construction. It is unclear, what a substance may have such unusual and even fantastic properties: exclusive small density, a full absence of intern viscosity, extremely high penetrating capability, very high "heat rate" of particles, zero of linear heat conductivity, and so on.

But the Nature has prepared an answer on this question, and this answer came comparatively not long ago. It is a question of the theoretical proposition of W. Pauly in 1931 [2] and experimental proof [3] of neutrino existence, and neutrino was included now "by right" in the round of elementary particles. Neutrino is the electrical neutral particle with a spin equal ½. Neutrinos may participate in week and gravitation interactions, they belong to the class of leptons, and accordingly to statistical properties they are fermions. Now is very well established the fundamental conclusion that the rest mass of neutrino is more then zero. Consequently neutrinos may, in principle, become slower till v ≈ 0, accumulate and "condensate".

That is why it is advisable for us to propose the hypothesis that the world ether is a condensed mass of neutrinos. As it is known for us, this hypothesis before did not proposed.

Electron neutrino (υ_?), muon (υ_μ) and τ- neutrino now are known. Every from these types of neutrino has an antiparticle, antineutrino (?). Availability of neutrino and antineutrino has to change substantially many aspects of interaction and distribution of neutrino. Well-handled analysis has shown that properties of ether particles (etherons), most similar to electron neutrino υ_?. The mass of electron neutrino is the smallest from masses of known neutrinos and other elementary particles. It is less than 8 eV [4] (in energetic units). Masses of other elementary particles (for example, electrons, protons etc.) are on 5 - 9 orders of dimension greater. There are enough hard limitations "from above" for masses of different types of neutrino, but the veritable masses will be determined only during the future investigations. For a comparison note that the etheron mass is 1,2.10^-39 kg, or 6,7.10^-2 eV [1].

Consequently, it is possible to point next properties of etherons, similar to properties of electron neutrino:

• - the least mass;
• - zero charge;
• - extremely high penetration capability at low particles energy and very high increase of the section of interaction at increasing of particle energy;
• - participation in week interactions;
• - participation in gravitation interactions;
• - stability non limited by time (it is possible to note that from a great number of known now elementary particles only electron, proton, photon and all types of neutrino possess the absolute stability.

The base difficulties for ground the proposed hypothesis are connected with unclearness of the mechanism of gigantic quantity of neutrino condensation. Now is unclear the mechanism of their thermolisation and obtaining neutrino of very small energy. Now it is known that at usual of Universe, neutrinos, as a result of very high penetrating capability may move without collisions millions light years. One can suppose that in Universe may have some objects very effective interacting with neutrinos and they may very efficiently brake them. A number of nuclear reactions permanently run in the nature, and these reactions are accompanied by neutrino and antineutrino irradiation. Usually synthesis and destruction of elements in heavenly bodies give neutrino and antineutrino irradiation of energy ~ 1 ?eV. Sections of neutrino (antineutrino) absorption are very small, colossal quantities of these particles travel in Universe, and at this phase of its development accumulation of neutrino irradiation is realized. In some large enough fields of Universe insufficient "infill" of the space by ether is possible. Considering the mechanism of light waves propagation as a propagation of a perturbation in ether (neutrino) [5], very large fields may be formed in space through which the light waves may not be distributed. It is possible, we cannot observe many cosmic corps (named as a "dark matter") and other objects as a result of this effect.

Owing to mutual attraction of neutrinos of zero rate m_υ ≠ 0 accumulations of only neutrino matter may be formed in different fields of Universe. Besides usual and habitual equilibrium states of large masses of matter (electron - proton and neutron matter), in principle, formation of only neutrino equilibrium states (a formation of "a neutrino sea") and even creation of heavenly body of neutrino nature is possible [6]. Neutrino activity of the Sun is high enough, and at the Earth surface it is about 10¹⁰ - 10¹¹ neutrino.cm^-2.c^-1. Maximum of neutrino energy irradiated by Sun as a result of many nucleus reactions is in limits:  0,42 ?eV < ?_υ ^max  < 1,73 ?eV. At higher temperatures in arising supernew stars neutrino flows with energy neutrino ≈ 1 ?eV are 10⁵³ neutrino.c^-1.

 This is the reason that for their registration detectors with very low threshold are necessary. Now for this purpose one uses the reaction proposed by B. Pontecorvo [6]:

                                        υ  + Cl³⁷  →  Ar³⁷  +  β^- .

the threshold for the reaction is ?_υ = 0,8 ?eV. For real detection of the Sun neutrinos by this method is necessary about 4000 (!) t of organic substance containing chlorine. Some lower is the threshold of detection for the reaction [6]:

                                        υ  + Ga⁷¹  →  Ge⁷¹  +  β^- .

Its threshold is ≈ 0,24 ?eV, and consequently the necessary volume of used detecting substance must increase and this leads to the difficulty for practicability of this reaction. This is the reason that later is impossible to follow the path of increasing the dimension of detector. It is clear that so types of detectors are unfitness for registration       of etherons - neutrinos of energy less on 7 orders of dimension - 6,7.10^-8 ?eV. These slow neutrinos are yet very far from the energy of particles which with now is possible to do experiments. It is necessary new approaches to provide the possibility for experiments with slow neutrinos.

A great difference in the penetration capability of neutrino in compare with photons leads to the effect that at some conditions irradiation of the star energy in a great part determined by neutrino irradiation. Its part may well exceed the portion of energy radiated by γ-quanta [7]. At some conditions the absorption of neutrino in resonance is possible, and this absorption is characterized by very large cross-section of neutrino absorption. The fundamental possibility of these types of resonances is of great importance. A possibility of neutrino accumulation in a closed cavity was discussed in [8]. But the surface layer in these experiments obviously was too thin for a real considerable accumulation of neutrino. It is necessary to note ones more the great difference of neutrino irradiation used in experiments with energy appreciably more when 10⁶ eV (to the neutrinos may be detected) and "stopped" neutrino of energy ≈ 0,07 eV [5].

Number investigations have shown that the usual electron - proton - neutron gravitation masses absorb ether. This is accompanied by a small and slow increase of the mass of body. This increase of mass was registered for the great enough heavenly bodies, and this growth prove to be very considerable. The expansion of Earth and other planets of the Sun system one may consider as a firmly established fact: during 3 - 4 billions years the mass of a planet increases in e times. It is possible to propose that the increase of Earth mass is a result of ether absorption [9]: this effect cannot be explained by the absorption of radiated, corpuscle or meteorite flows [10]. The explanation of increase of Earth mass as a result of ether absorption was proposed in 1912, i.e. 40 years before the experimental discovery of neutrino [11].       

      These data lead to two propositions on the role of ether and some elementary particles:

• 1. To propose the mechanism of ether formation as a result of number nuclear reactions in the Universe with formation of electron neutrinos and thermolisation of them.
• 2. For explanation of processes of the elementary particles arising at some conditions in vacuum is not necessary to propose artificial the presence of "virtual" particles. To our mind, more real is the proposition on arising of elementary particles in vacuum is a result of reactions of etherons (neutrino), always present in atmosphere, cosmos, vacuum, with some particle come flying (mesons, electrons, free "heat" neutrons etc.).

In conclusion we may note that proposed ether - neutrino hypothesis in some degree may be a connecting link between the conception of a world ether and a now popular conceptions of "field", "virtual" particle, "especial" properties of matter, "physical vacuum" and so on. But instead of inconceivable virtual particles we propose real elementary particles. Instead of use an obscure mysterious terminology is possible to investigation the deep physical mechanisms of electromagnet and many other processes on the new higher scientific level.

      Author realizes that neutrino conception of ether is a working hypothesis giving the possibility to look in a new fashion at the unusual properties of ether and understand the reason of their arising. Besides, it opens new ways of investigation properties of ether and elementary particles. Now neutrino physics develops by lows, character for fundamental sciences. That is why the solution of number of very important problems, unfortunately, is the task for a distant future.

      In a conclusion of the paper it is possible to present some lines from a review of M.A. Markov [6]: "Contemporary is difficult to guess what true place will take the neutrino in the future physics. But peculiarities of this particle are so elementary and original, that it is naturally to think, that the Nature has created neutrino with some deep "aim", that are jet not clear for us". These words fully may be attributed also to ether.

REFERENCES

1. Margulis ?.?., Philica (2009), article ? 166.

2. Theoretical Physics of XX century (to memory of W. Pauly), M.: IL, 1962.

3. Reines F., Covan C.L.,  Phys.Rev., 90, 492 (1953); 113, 273 (1959).

4. Physical Encyclopedia, ed. A.V. Prokhorov, M.: BRE, (1998), v.5, p. 596.

5.  Margulis ?.?., Philica (2009), article ? 152.

6. Markov M.A., Neutrino, M.: Nauka, 1964, p. 164.

7. Gandelman G.M., Pinaev V.S., JETPh,  1959, v. 37, p.1072.

8. Beliaev V.B. Preprint R-1064, Dubna, 1962.

9. Atsukovsky V.A., General Etherodynamics, M.: Energoatomizdat, 1990, p. 278.

10. Gusarov V.I., Transmutation of fields and substance is the single process of existence, movement and development of matter. Saratov, ed. Saratov State Univ, 1972.

11. Yarkovsky I.O., World gravitation as a result of weight matter formation inside the heavenly body. Kinematik hypothesis. M.: Typogr. Kushnerov, 1912.

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The full citation for this Article is: Margulis, M. (2009). Hypothesis on the neutrino nature of ether. PHILICA.COM Article number 169.